Bacterial protective coverings, such as capsules, cell walls, and biofilms, play a crucial role in enhancing microbial survival. These structures shield bacteria from environmental stressors, dehydration, and immune system attacks. Capsules help pathogens evade phagocytosis, while robust cell walls provide mechanical strength and resist osmotic pressure. Biofilms create a cooperative community that increases resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. Understanding these defenses is important not only for microbiology research but also for healthcare supply chains, including those managed by a ceftriaxone wholesaler, since protective coverings can influence how effectively antibiotics reach and inhibit targeted bacterial cells.